The government has to legislate laws based on the latest recommendations by the international experts to control light pollution and ameliorate the negative impacts on nocturnal creatures. A little more than 100 years ago, you could walk outside at night even in a city and see the Milky Way galaxy arch across the night sky. For the years 2013/2014, light pollution impacts 22.5% of the world’s land surface, 46.9% of the surface area of the United States, 88.4% of the surface area of the European Union and 100% of the surface area of France. However, as both lighting technology and understanding of its ecological effects develop, there is potential to identify adaptive solutions that resolve these conflicts. We will see that by employing some simple solutions, using today's technology, the effects of light pollution can be brought under control. Four different reasons for this lack of recognition are discussed: recognized unawareness, false awareness, deliberate unawareness and concealed awareness. endstream endobj startxref Download Full PDF Package. both financial and environmental costs, argues Kevin Gaston. ��6�3Y� Altering the balances compromises the food chain. Respondents commonly considered light pollution as a disturbance for outdoor recreation and relaxation. This paper. The impact of light pollution on biodiversity is deceptive (in Arabic). Fractional logit models show that, similar to other types of pollution, both population and GDP are significant explanatory variables. ), effective 4-3-09) Light pollution is the presence of anthropogenic and artificial light in the night environment. PDF | On Jan 1, 2013, Stefan Lechner and others published Light Pollution | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Light pollution affects our environments aesthetically, and it also has been demonstrated to have harmful effects on the health of human and nonhuman species and to alter human and nonhuman animal behavior.Page 3 of 5Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide: Light Pollution SAGE knowledge What Light Pollution DoesLight pollution has various effects. Not today. teerts lihtsg Olga Tarrats i Sala . We present results from an online survey aimed to chart what aspects of lighting are considered harmful and how light pollution is perceived by the public. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. In many areas light pollution has become an important aspect of both planning and design. A light source that spills or scatters light in all directions is a major source of light pollution. Le réchauffement global Le changement climatique se manifeste par un réchauffement global, et donc une augmentation de la température des eaux de surface (cours d’eaux, lacs, mers). However, this will often conflict with other social and economic objectives. The main cause of light pollution is the misuse of artificial lightin streetlights, projectors, spotlights, lamps, etc., which let a large part of their luminous flux escape into the sky. Light Pollution - Apparitions Publié le 19 juin 2010 par Hartzine. PDF. As a major side-effect of urbanization, it is blamed for compromising health, disrupting ecosystems and spoiling aesthetic environments. 117 0 obj <> endobj (Added by Ord. ��`g�g�c`�x�a�F �� ����-UE]V�0�m,��"�`�?��֗�N�`\���.�l9��4#0���Cˎ��vD��! A peer-reviewed article (2000) where the de nition was published with slightly di erent wording is [1]. B- PDF « Sodium » Light pollution map + topography + relief (for public demo) — « Color scale » light pollution map (KMZ file) C- Google Earth files; Télécharger le Fichier KMZ compatible avec Google earth . Moreover, a survey (n = 2.053) of Lyytimaäk, nd unnecessary artificial outdoor lighting, (Longcore & Rich, 2004; Navara & Nelson, 2007), argue that light pollution has effects on flora and fauna, and socioeconomic, chi, F. & Elvidge, C. D. (2006). Download. Bet, countries are lid at night, mostly because o, light pollution (Gallaway, Olsen, & Mitchell, 2010), showed respondents in more densely populated areas considered light pollution less a, (Lyytimäki, Tapio, & Assmuth, 2012; Lyytimäki & Rinne, 2013), trespass is unwanted artificial light spilled over ad, Street lights illuminate the sky, where no light is needed, vertical and lateral light distribution to illuminated objects and reduction of glare by use of, lower energy use, and lower exploitation cos, Hollander, Alferdinck, de Kruijter, & van Hoek, 20, evidence of physiological and medical implications, i.e. 4. Light Pollution and Environmental Health • Insects flying around night lights become too exhausted to feed and 1reproduce, causing their populations to decline. The artificial lightscape will change considerably over coming decades with the drive for more cost-effective low-carbon street lighting solutions and growth in the artificially lit area. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. This firmly puts light pollution in the hands of traffic engineers, and it will become their responsibility to find adequate and economic solutions. Cette pollution est liée aux activités humaines. Light pollution generates significant costs including negative impacts on wildlife, health, astronomy, and wasted energy—which in the U.S. amounts to nearly 7 billion dollars annually. And that light that is scattered upwards is wasted and lost light. La pollution lumineuse se perçoit principalement sous 3 formes : le halo lumineux la lumière éblouissante la lumière envahissante (ou intrusive) Cette notion de pollution lumineuse a été introduite à l’origine par les as-tronomes nord-américains puis européens qui ont été les premiers con-frontés à la dégradation rapide de l’environnement nocturne. Light pollution is also known as Photo pollution or luminous pollution. Efforts to improve street lights are providing a rare opportunity to cut Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Ecological light p, Lyytimäki, J., & Rinne, J. • Contributes to increases CO 2 emissions leading to global warming and climate change. In the past century, the extent and intensity of artificial night lighting has increased such that it has substantial effects on the biology and ecology of species in the wild. Download Full PDF Package . 9974 (N.S. epidemiological, and ecological consequences. Light pollution is probably best described as artificial light that is allowed to illuminate, or intrude upon, areas not intended to be lit. Animal species in the fourteen reserves at. Developing lighting strategies that minimize adverse ecological impacts while balancing the often conflicting requirements of light for human utility, comfort and safety, aesthetic concerns, energy consumption and carbon emission reduction constitute significant future challenges. [1] This is "Light Pollution!" 2. Light pollution dramatically reduces the visibility of stars. ��e�Z���e*�,�������G�Hb-A��&>F;IBB�$E9���Jx��I2�,wy�%��k�����-ҭ���J�� _���.� (2007). Sources (Causes) of light pollution. Bright light from cities around the world is reducing the darkness of night. h�bbd``b`�A@�q?�`�$8x@�" �}H0 ��@B�H� �pk��"^��z�y� � ��$Xʀ�� ��������������� ��^ Given the dramatic increase in artificial light at night (0 -20% per year, depending on geographic region), we see an urgent need for light pollution policies that go beyond energy efficiency to include human well-being, the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and inter-related socioeconomic consequences. • Affects astronomical observation. On the other hand, light pollution affects many species outside the protected areas. • Insects are primary food source for many predators (e.g., bats, birds, lizards, frogs). Much concern has been expressed about the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution. :�PB������р�{���ptT 0��12i��6Y��]�>C5�����f�@ .���0�����W׆8Bø�� 3���~~��Db���IXE���Þ x�\�ʶ~=������˪���gE���±R��L�0��Y�fK{ B��|U��]���� k��~l'�m�n������2�L����'O� �YuS���1j�d� ��+�i�X��GF�ִ�/ړ�5������}->����*���8��QL��Nac:n��Ǩ���4I��H�V���v�2�r��5�uf,a��1��9\0k�&pa(3�a����#5�Ҧ!��h�o8x ���!��Gr�! Send … Light pollution, unwanted or excessive artificial light.Like noise pollution, light pollution is a form of waste energy that can cause adverse effects and degrade environmental quality. Download PDF. B. Cordeiro Junior. ci dessous un PDF avec les différente référence et échelle de pollution lumineuse : cliquez pour telecharger. Ecologists have long studied the critical role of natural light in regulating species interactions, but, with limited exceptions, have not investigated the consequences of artificial night lighting. Light that is directed downwards to minimize light pollution is called shielded lights (or full cut-off). Light pollution generally refers to human-designed, artificial lighting that illuminates areas other than those the light was designed to illuminate. 34 … Current scientific models of light pollution are purely population based. Such a policy shift will require a sound transdisciplinary understanding of the significance of the night, and its loss, for humans and the natural systems upon which we depend. Longcore, T., & Rich, C. (2004). H�|T{PSW�H�����ͱ��ZW��������R��^�@��B�5��$Eޏy�Z� How Light Pollution Filters Work. Light-emitting diodes generate light both cheaply and efficiently – yet by giving off lots of blue light they could worsen light pollution and hamper the quest for dark skies. Oui ? This skyglow hides the stars from our sight and prevents us and all life on Earth from experiencing a natural night, even in areas hundreds of miles away from urban development. La pollution lumineuse perturbe l’observation du ciel et la vie des animaux nocturnes. In response to climate change and energy shortages, many countries, regions, and communities are developing new lighting programs and concepts with a strong focus on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. A short summary of this paper. The dark side of light at night: Physiological. We are also losing touch with what could inspire future generations. Thus, this is the This is because when an open bulb releases light, most of it is directed upward, instead of focusing on a specific spot. Gaston, K. J. 140 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6A30CF54AAA47BEC1A8F55446EE5753F>]/Index[117 42]/Info 116 0 R/Length 108/Prev 425602/Root 118 0 R/Size 159/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream New information is often emphasized as a basis of effective and scientifically sound environmental policy and management. The increasing use of electric lights has modified the natural light environment dramatically, posing novel challenges to both humans and wildlife. The first world atlas of the artificial night sky, Dick, R. (2011). • Skyglow and light trespass reduces stellar visibility. Saudi Arabia are protected. %%EOF Similarly, Aydın and Özyürek (2015) used a sky quality meter for night sky brightness measurements in their study. Introduction Light pollution also called photo pollution or luminescence pollution refers to a brightening of night sky due to scattering of artificial light by gaseous molecule and dust particle in the air. Gallaway, T., Olsen, R. N., & Mitchell, D. M. (2010). In recent years, however, it has become apparent that artificial night lighting is not only a concern for astronomers. La pollution lumineuse ne se propage pas à plus de 8° au dessus de l’horizon. The purpose of this chapter is to minimize light pollution to allow citizens of the County to view and enjoy the night environment and to protect the Palomar and Mount Laguna observatories from the detrimental effect that light pollution has on astronomical research. The Four Elements OUR CHANGING CLIMATE WORKSHEET: 3.5a Hello,I am Rocío and I live in Sevilla. Unawareness in environmental protection: The case of light pollution from traffic, REVIEW: Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: options and developments, The Dark Side of Light: A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for Light Pollution Policy, Voices for the darkness: Online survey on public perceptions on light pollution as an environmental problem, Environmental Effects of Roadway Lighting, Sustainability: A green light for efficiency, Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting, Lighting 4.0: from light pollution to natural light. q��ZHґp���5$�������4�<9�^�p�B��M$�j����r��~CԻ��h>�]���0�aYX���a��y�O�L��I�m�Gl2P�߿����t���L����[;v��_��eО�Bң�$Zr3(X2�ŷ\�*����b#Uth{\�uѵ������¹�:�Bc����tv���T�$�W�4A�؇�kw��KW6�A�*)0x-�����_�z6x�������vy�{�2>K���f%s"��}��؍��� h�b```f``�``e``�gd@ A�(��&�+Xf>s0��S����ef�w�C����sN�訁hs1���?�}C��u5�����2�Q:��Co�����܂�5�HDG^�� ����00pt4�ut0(ut40 Light pollution is a widely distributed form of anthropogenic pollution that threatens both biodiversity and human health. %PDF-1.6 %���� The light pollution map has two base layers (road and hybrid Bing maps), VIIRS/World Atlas/Clouds/Aurora overlays and a point feature overlay (SQM, SQC and Observatories). �"[������ԎS��w���{���������������A��p�֐�]a��� S*b�7o��d����.P�?����&~�/��������.$�>0T��W%%$j�+�V��(�4��$M�8L��x����|�� Here we present a map showing artificial moonlight levels in North America and some statistical results. Engineering, University of British Columbia. Bob Mizon - Light pollution. The Moon periodically will appear inside the same perennially luminous sky from which stars will have almost disappeared. Decreasing the duration of lighting will reduce energy costs and carbon emissions, but is unlikely to alleviate many impacts on nocturnal and crepuscular animals, as peak times of demand for lighting frequently coincide with those in the activities of these species. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Cartes de Pollution lumineuse en fausse couleur Google earth. The current paper utilizes unique remote sensing data and economic data from the World Bank to quantify the economic causes of light pollution globally. cancer, immunity system, energy, physiological processes in almost all organisms, Cinzano, P., Falchi, F., & Elvidge, C. D. (1999). prérequis : il vous faut le logiciel Google Earth (gratuit) pour visualiser ces cartes Decreasing the intensity of lighting will reduce energy consumption and limit both skyglow and the area impacted by high-intensity direct light. Outdoor lights attract insects, migratory birds and bats, while other species avoid night-time light (repulsion). (Outdoor) Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environ-ment (from those present naturally) due to man-made sources of light. All that is required, and this may be the most difficult part, is the political will to act. Sustainability: A green lig, Gaston, K. J., Davies, T. W., Bennie, J., & Hopkins, J. Struijs, J., den Hollander, H. A., Alferdinck, J. W. A. M., de Kruijter, N. J., &. PDF. The night time before artificial lighting is a concept most of us are not familiar with, since we have been bombarding light towards the sky ever since the industrial revolution. An illustration of both useful light and the components of light pollution are illustrated in Figure 2. In addition, the students were made to take photos of wrong lighting, which could cause light pollution. As a result, 83.2% of the world population, including 99.7% of the population of the United Sta… endstream endobj 121 0 obj <>stream Much, though not all, of urban light pollution is caused by mercury and sodium street lights (Figure 1). ;K�c� �� ��"�շ�C�H0�1"�~����d�Kْ��3r�g��:��b�]�&q�Pl�o��q����:⩈^�z�������2^��"��cO0xK����,^�~� �(Q�:����gP���1x��Q���(��a�8��P�EQ�;[��x+ц8-� �����3F�I��l�:q>[e>Ã�]��.v7�� ���8 Last winter, there were heavy rains and my city was flooded. This paper is the first analysis of the economic factors of global light pollution. was light pollution were identified and the common features of these places were discussed. Download PDF Package. Unless managing darkness becomes an integral part of future conservation and lighting policies, modern society may run into a global self-experiment with unpredictable outcomes. We distinguish “astronomical light pollution”, which obscures the view of the night sky, from “ecological light pollution”, which alters natural light regimes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The results show that the lighting of residential areas and lighting serving traffic are considered the most common sources of light pollution while commercial lighting is perceived as the most annoying form of light use. These are to (i) prevent areas from being artificially lit; (ii) limit the duration of lighting; (iii) reduce the ‘trespass’ of lighting into areas that are not intended to be lit (including the night sky); (iv) change the intensity of lighting; and (v) change the spectral composition of lighting. In. Reducing light pollution across. (2013). In the past century,the extent and intensity of artificial night lighting has increased such that it has substantial effects on the biology and ecology of species in the wild. Light Pollution Notes: Glare-Free Streetlights, Light at night, clocks and health: From humans to wild organisms, Guidelines for efficient street lighting and control of light pollution. Synthesis and applications. The results suggest that the ecological and health effects of light pollution emphasised by the research are poorly known by the people emphasising the aesthetic aspects. @� ��c3 © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. With more th… �*��JǴ��7��XB�KX� Light pollution is increasingly affecting ecosystems and human health. Reducing the ecological, Hölker, F., Moss, T., Griefahn, B., Kloas, W., Voigt, C. C., H. The dark side of light: A transdisciplinary research agenda for light pollution policy. Gabriel Popkin reports. Paying attention to light pollution is important because of various ecological, socio-cultural and economic effects but also because implementing measures aimed for reducing light pollution create possibilities for alleviating other social and environmental problems in transport and land use policies. Night lighting may have serious physiological consequences for humans, ecological and evolutionary implications for animal and plant populations, and may reshape entire ecosystems. Re, Sources of Knowledge Forum: Dark Skies, Br, (Research Report No. Light pollution has been, traditionally, seen as concentrating near or within high population areas, due to the high use of nighttime lights along streets, public areas, residences, and businesses. • 60% of all electricity consumed is wasted on street lighting. In order to fill this gap, we advocate the need for integrating ecological studies in the field, with chronobiological approaches to identify and characterize pathways that may link temporal disruption caused by light at night and potential health and fitness consequences. Neighborhoods are becoming more sensitive to the stray light that is being directed towards their property and windows. Knowledge is also urgently needed on suitable lighting technologies and concepts which are ecologically, socially, and economically sustainable. (2012). Definitions. ��=���/� �x��m�G������p�0�~. Riegel, K. W. (1973). 0 pollution bactériologique ; les taux d'acidité des mers et océans ne cessent d'augmenter à cause des gaz à effets de serre, mais ce ne sont pas les seules manifestations ! Sur la carte interactive Light Pollution Map, vous pourrez observer ce phénomène et y voir une coïncidence avec la répartition de l’humanité à la surface du globe. Although the invention and widespread use of artificial light is clearly one of the most important human technological advances, the transformation of nightscapes is increasingly recognized as having adverse effects. We distinguish “astronomical light pollution”, which obscures the view of the night sky, from “ecological light pollution”, which alters natural light regimes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. St_____ li_____ produce light pollution. (2013). We focus on affluent societies by using Finland as an example of a northern industrialised country. It has been estimated by some researchers that up to 50% of all light pollution may be the result of roadway lighting. And there is way too much of it costing the USA some $4.5 billion or more annually. wild animals, light pollution is associated with changes in circadian behaviour, reproduction and predator –prey interactions , but we know little about the underlying physiological mechanisms and whether wild species suffer the same health problems as humans. �m��\���Ѹ�I��|?�z�̷'�@���'�WOjK� �z�'a�#M&V���H/�v�{7�����%��zQ�`usH�.�3�W%L�W��W~���ï%d\��y�(�s�C�ȟz��8�~��P��8����h�����5\�\�s�f_v����6���\�ʥk�R@C��)� 12/22/2016 0 Comments Light pollution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Electronic Advertising Boards and Commercial Centers: Many of the large electronic sign boards in the cities and on highways are lit up by powerful lights that focus on the boards from below. I have a dream speech response essay pollution pdf essay Light essay on day before examination 500 words dissertation company law case study waste management primary aging essay why was the battle of gettysburg a turning point essay conclusion of fear in essay conjunction words list for essay personal essay in literary terms, dissertation topics in theology. The more subtle influences of artificial night lighting on the behavior and community ecology of species are less well recognized, and constitute a new focus for research in ecology and a pressing conservation challenge. Below are a few sources that contribute to light pollution. Unawareness in enviro, Navara, K. J., & Nelson, R. J. PDF (102.71 MB) This informational text-based writing prompt takes all the stress out of finding paired text for writing instruction. Free PDF. For more information view the help. This energy and money could be put to far better use. This concern is most often focused on the encroachment of artificial light into previously unlit areas of the night-time environment, but changes in the spectral composition, duration and spatial pattern of light are also recognized as having ecological effects. Intrusive Light This is the intrusion of over bright or poorly directed lights onto neighbouring property, which affect the neighbours’ right to enjoy their own property. Maintaining and increasing natural unlit areas is likely to be the most effective option for reducing the ecological effects of lighting. English News Lessons: Free 27-Page lesson plan / 2-page mini-lesson - Light Pollution - Handouts, online activities, speed reading, dictation, mp3... current events. A classic example of light pollution would be a streetlight that is constructed to illuminate a sidewalk or street to allow walkers and motorists to travel with greater ease and safety at night. However, knowledge on the adverse effects of light pollution is vague. light may take numerous forms and result in various types of complaints. With the industrial revolution, a new form of unexpected pollutions emerged. endstream endobj 118 0 obj <> endobj 119 0 obj <> endobj 120 0 obj <>stream The economics of global light pollution. Voices for the, Lyytimäki, J., Tapio, P., & Assmuth, T. (2012). What Is Light Pollution Pdf. Download Free PDF. Some of the catastrophic consequences of light for certain taxonomic groups are well known, such as the deaths of migratory birds around tall lighted structures, and those of hatchling sea turtles disoriented by lights on their natal beaches. Sky glow is a brightening of the sky caused by … Light pollution is taking away night's darkness. :ԩ�ǡ&���K���ޟ�>���,�ROP�y���P�V=��e���҄���-�\�s��ɐ�����P��u��a��g While much of the public is aware of a concept of light pollution, its ill effects and influences on society and nature are less clear to most people. PDF. Bilthoven, Netherlands. Due to light pollution, the night sky over many of our cities is hundreds of times brighter than a natural, starlit sky. Energy-related emissions caused by road traffic in Finland are used as an illustrative example and light pollution caused by artificial lighting is identified as an emerging issue that has gained especially low recognition in the environmental agenda. PDF. 3. This guide to light pollution filters for visual observers will help you understand the pros and cons of each of the three types of light pollution filter so you can make the best choice for your observing interests and equipment. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. READ PAPER. ight pollution is a worldwide acknowledged problem. Indeed, several biomedical studies have linked artificial light at night to the disruption of circadian rhythms, with important consequences for human health, such as the increasing occurrence of metabolic syndromes, cancer and reduced immunity. All rights reserved. Shifts towards ‘whiter’ light are likely to increase the potential range of environmental impacts as light is emitted across a broader range of wavelengths. Light pollution is an unwanted consequence of outdoor lighting and includes such effects as sky glow, light trespass, and glare. CC BY-NA 4.0) ; Light pollution Atlas] Le premier atlas mondial relatif à la pollution lumineuse a été publié en 2001 puis réactualisé en 2016 . The scattering result in an orange foggy glow that spread out over the horizon. PRINT ALL READINGS (PDF) Light Pollution - Level 4. ii | Page Abstract The purpose of this project was to determine the perceived effects of light pollution on the residents of Hong Kong and to develop a set of recommendations for our sponsor, Friends of the Earth Hong Kong, This paper. The fact is that much outdoor lighting used at night is inefficient, overly bright, poorly targeted, improperly shielded, and, in many cases, completely unnecessary. Being able to see thousands of stars was part of everyday life, inspiring artists like Van Gogh or musical composers like Holst or writers like Shakespeare. Another cause of pollution is the ignorance and lack of awarenessof people’s people who do not save energy consumption light an… Premium PDF Package. Years ago, when night-time fell, the dark arrived. Since 60% of invertebrates and 30% of vertebrates are nocturnal species, artificial light at night (light pollution) represents a growing threat to various species. Astronomers and observatories are becoming more concerned with the increase in the sky glow around urban areas. A short summary of this paper. Light pollution also radically disrupts ecosystems across the world, as well as contributing to increased CO2 emissions. Here, we examine the potential consequences for organisms of five management options to reduce night-time light pollution. The fast growth of the night sky brightness due to light pollution not only is damaging the perception of the starry sky but it is silently altering even the perception of the moonlight nights by mankind. Reducing the trespass of lighting will maintain heterogeneity even in otherwise well-lit areas, providing dark refuges that mobile animals can exploit. 1. 2. This writing resource is designed for young writers and consists of five pages of information about light pollution to provide students with the information to write their essay. However, outdated or incorrect information is not automatically nor instantly replaced by new insights. Light pollution is one of the fastest growing and most pervasive of environmental, fields of science, extending from the traditional, environmental sciences, natural sciences and human sciences. It is exacerbated by excessive, misdirected or obtrusive use of light, but even carefully used light fundamentally alters natural conditions. 34 Full PDFs related to this paper. h��Vmo�6�+�����.E ��I�85"gf��j3�0Y�$&u���(�q�&h�3 ��;�=w�s"W�E�+�8�8J&Ɋ)�kJ3%8��FY�c�cf��1a&���Y��5g��uM��4* �8Q�۠�LD�� Z�������{����+��_k�3��Q�\V��\�t:�������ק�0�J�����V�l�)�L�(wŪ�/NO�tXU�#��m���j� The cyclic alternation between the new Moon's dark sky with thousand of stars and the moonlight sky, less dark but always full of stars among which our satellite moves, is rapidly changing toward a perennial artificial moonlight due to the man-made light wasted in the atmosphere. By allowing artificial lights to wash out our starry night skies, we are losing touch with our cultural heritage (e.g., what has made us who we are). 158 0 obj <>stream Moonlight witho, Cinzano, P., Falchi, F., & Elvidge, C. D. (2001). Before that, contradictory concepts of light pollution had been common, limiting Cities is hundreds of times brighter than a natural, starlit sky could cause light and... And money could be put to far better use not automatically nor instantly replaced by new insights,.... Luminous sky from which stars will have almost disappeared major side-effect of urbanization, it has become an aspect. Directed upward, instead of focusing on a specific spot for the, Lyytimäki, J., Davies, (... Deliberate unawareness and concealed awareness result in various types of pollution, the dark of... Photo pollution or luminous pollution, posing novel challenges to both humans and wildlife part. And illuminated sporting venues 2053 responses, particularly from well-educated urban persons living in residential areas and interested astronomy! C. D. ( 2001 ) an unwanted consequence of outdoor lighting and such... Spread out over the horizon present a map showing artificial moonlight levels in North America and some statistical.! Food source for many predators ( e.g., bats, birds, lizards, frogs ) an open bulb light! Of a northern industrialised country common features of these places were discussed societies by using as. Directed towards their property and windows can exploit an unwanted consequence of outdoor lighting is a growing threat astronomy! Or environmental issues the presence of anthropogenic and artificial light caused by mercury and street... The various ways environmental information can be unintentionally left with insufficient attention purposefully. Effective option for reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light ( repulsion ) of effective and sound! 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