A propagated epidemic is most often of infectious origin and results from person-to-person transmission of an infectious agent (e.g., epidemics of hepatitis A and polio). The speed of spread depends upon herd immunity, opportunities for contact and secondary attack rate. Epidemics occur when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts. In a common source outbreak epidemic, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time. The shape of the curve in relation to the incubation period for a particular disease can give clues about the source. The virus, viz., Type II Dengue was identified as the causative agent in a number of clinical sanipies. B: Komplexe Historische Informationssysteme. Common-source epidemics are frequently, but not always, due to exposure to an infectious agent. 3–5, History of South Africa 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub. Lexington Books, 2007, Bell, Walter George (1951). Eg., Bhopal gas tragedy in India and Minamata disease in Japan resulting from consumption of fish containing a high concentration of methyl mercury. Epidemic, an occurrence of disease that is temporarily of high prevalence.An epidemic occurring over a wide geographical area (e.g., worldwide) is called a pandemic.The rise and decline in epidemic prevalence of an infectious disease is a probability phenomenon dependent upon transfer of an effective dose of the infectious agent from an infected individual to a susceptible one. An epidemic is when an infectious disease has spread rapidly through a community. For example, for a disease with a short incubation period (e.g., Bacilius cereus) and cases distributed over a short period of time (hours), the scale for the x-axis may be more meaningful by hour rather than by day. For example, Minamata disease is caused by exposure to mercury. )", "Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague", "Smallpox and the epidemiological heritage of modern Japan: Towards a total history", "Were the English Sweating Sickness and the Picardy Sweat Caused by Hantaviruses? - Continuous ormultiple exposure epidemics. While a pandemic may be characterized as a type of epidemic, you would not say that an epidemic is a type of pandemic. After an epidemic has … Outbreaks may also occur following exposure to chemicals or to radioactive materials. Transmission continues until the number of susceptibles is depleted or susceptible individuals are no longer exposed to infected persons or intermediary vectors. The flrst case leads to the so called SIR type models, the second to SIS type models. Epidemiology (Fifth edition.). Park, K. (n.d.). Common – source epidemic Common source – single exposure (point source epidemic) Common source – multiple exposure (or continuous exposure) 2. This outbreak, as in other outbreaks of this type, continued beyond the range of one incubation period. a prostitute may be a common source in a gonorrhea outbreak, but since she will infect her clients over a period of time there may be no explosive rise in the number of cases. Causes of Epidemics. Below is a recent list of 2019—2020 articles that have had the most social media attention. See more. Change in the ecology of the host population (e.g. / Types of disasters / Biological hazards: epidemics. types of epidemiology study provides a comprehensive and comprehensive pathway for students to see progress after the end of each module. An epidemic is a sudden disease outbreak that affects a large number of people in a particular region, community, or population. Named after St. Cyprian, a bishop of Carthage (a city in Tunisia) … Observational studies include: Descriptive study and Analytical study – Case control and cohort studies are the two … Learn how your comment data is processed. b) Continuous or multiple exposure epidemics. Jahrhundert. Cyclical Epidemics. The unit of time on the x-axis is usually based on the incubation period of the disease and the length of time over which cases are distributed. (Giesecke, pp. The great Plague in London (folio society ed.). For example, in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic. Epidemics may be the consequence of disasters of another kind, such as tropical storms, floods, earthquakes, droughts, etc. Observational studies – we do not interfere in the process of the disease, but simply observe the disease and the associated factors. Common source epidemic is further divided into two types: a) Point source epidemic: It is also known as "single exposure epidemic". - Arthropod vector - Animal reservoir MixedEpidemics. In this type of epidemic, the source of infection is continuous and such epidemics will not cease to exist unless the source is removed. In an epidemic, the number of people affected by the disease is larger than what is normally expected. Special article type developed for Epidemics Norovirus links to oyster consumption. ; Case control studies — Individuals with a disease (such as cancer) are compared with similar individuals without the disease to determine if there is an … World Health Organisation (2015-06-19). increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species). Adjectives Before Nouns. Types of epidemic Point source - An epidemic in which all cases are infected at the same time, usually from a single source or exposure. epidemics are an actual problem for health institution that are continuously facing emerging and reemerging diseases. Disease outbreaks are usually caused by an infection, transmitted through person-to-person contact, animal-to-person contact, or from the environment or other media. B2: Der letzte Ausbruch der Pest im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des 18. Some epidemics tend to occur in cycles, which may repeat over a period of time, … Time distribution 1. Yellow fever outbreak–Darfur Sudan and Chad", "MERS coronavirus update: 61 cases reported in first half of 2020", "Vietnam measles outbreak kills more than 100 people, mostly children", "2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (section titled 'Impact')", "Situation summary Latest available situation summary, 26 June 2015. When Advocacy Obscures Accuracy Online: Digital Pandemics of Public Health Misinformation Through an Antifluoride … Some epidemics have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics. For example. Generally, an epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded. In fact, The individual path through 3. FL & LA, esp. 2Seymour, B., Getman, R., Saraf, A., Zhang, L.H., Kalenderian, E., 2015. Epidemiology- History, Objectives and Types. Others attempt to minimize the health impact of outbreaks that cannot be prevented or immediately contained. Get your flu shot", "Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min", "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Uganda Situation Reports", "DR Congo's deadliest Ebola outbreak declared over", "DRC: More Ebola and plague cases reported, End of measles epidemic declared", "2019 measles outbreak information2019/20 measles outbreak information", "At least 70 deaths due to measles – DOH", "A Measles Outbreak Is The Cause of 15 Orang Asli Deaths In Kelantan", "Two more deaths from measles in samoa over new year period", "ArcGIS Dashboards- COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University", "An update of Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria (week 49)", "UNICEF welcomes end of Ebola outbreak in the Equateur Province of the DRC", "Novel bunyavirus re-emerges in China, kills seven", "An update on Yellow Fever in Nigeria for Week 49", "Inevitable or avoidable? There are four primary types of epidemiology studies. by the World Health Organization), among others. They are: Cohort studies — A cohort (group) of individuals with exposure to a chemical and a cohort without exposure are followed over time to compare disease occurrence. Designed with ❤️ by Sagar Aryal. 135-136) Certain epidemics occur at certain seasons. If the epidemic continues over more than one incubation period, there are either a continuous or multiple exposures to a common source or a propagated spread. There are two broad types of epidemiological studies: 1. The Plum Print next to each article shows the relative activity in each of these categories of metrics: Captures, … polluted drinking water, spoiled food) is infecting people who come into contact with it, over an extended period of time. Given the low probability that any single vaccine of this type will be needed, high R&D costs, … Chronologie des Seuchenzugs und Bestandsaufnahme überlieferter Sterbeziffern. The fourth horseman – Historic epidemics and their impact in Tenerife", "The history of 20th century malaria control in Peru", "The Death of Queen Elizabeth I, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft, and the Birth of the Stuart Era", "New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619", "1633–34 — Smallpox Epidemic, New England Natives, Plymouth Colonists, MA –>1000", Stanley G. Payne: A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1, Ch 15 The Seventeenth-Century Decline, "The Global Distribution of Yellow Fever and Dengue", "Plague Epidemic in the Kingdom of Naples, 1656–1658", "UK travel and heritage – Britain Express UK travel guide", "Great Plague of 1665–1666 – The National Archives", "1677–1678 — Smallpox Epidemic, Massachusetts Bay Colony, esp. Epidemics8; View All; PlumX Metrics. Plague of Cyprian: A.D. 250-271. The outbreak of respiratory illness, the Legionnaire’s disease, in the summer of 1976 in Philadelphia (USA) was a common-source, continuous or repeated exposure outbreak. –750-1,000", "1693 — June 17 start, Yellow Fever, Boston, British fleet arrival from Martinique[1] — <10? Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Dengue Epidemic in Delhi – 1996. Propagated epidemics are more likely to occur where a large number of susceptibles are aggregated, or where there is a regular supply of new susceptible individuals (e.g., birth, immigrants) lowering herd immunity. (a) Single exposure or “point-source” epidemics: (b) Continuous or multiple exposure epidemics: Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. New Orleans, also Galveston, Mobile, Pensacola, Vicksburg >3,400", "On the Influenza, or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever of 1847–8", "Norfolk's Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1855", "Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life", "How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia", "Smallpox and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870", "Death of Forty Thousand Fijians from Measles", "Plague in the 19th Century: (2) 1853–84", "Evidence Supporting a Zoonotic Origin of Human Coronavirus Strain NL63", "The 1896 Bombay Plague: Lessons In What Not To Do", "Kuru: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology", "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague", "Chapter 16 – Hyperoxidation of the Two Catecholamines, Dopamine and Adrenaline: Implications for the Etiologies and Treatment of Encephalitis Lethargica, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Schizophrenia", "Polio (graph "Reported paralytic polio cases and deaths in the United States since 1910")", "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic", "Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870–1940", "The Pneumonic Plague Epidemic of 1924 in Los Angeles", American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, "Cholera Epidemic in Egypt (1947): A Preliminary Report", "Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance", "Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009", "Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: epidemiological and entomological investigations", "New, Deadly Flu Strain Detected in Albany Co", "The control and eradication of smallpox in South Asia", "Las pandemias de la gripe: lecciones aprendidas", "The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979", "UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010", Summary of cholera cases and deaths reported in the literature, by date, country and World Health Organization (WHO) mortality stratum, "Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Current Data (July 2012)", Wide Epidemic of Meningitis Fatal to 10,000 in West Africa, "Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia", "Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000", "Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships", "WHO | Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003", "Plague Reappearance in Algeria after 50 Years, 2003", "Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003 – 2020", "World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis", Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Afghanistan, "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: Epidemiology, prevention and control", Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, "Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India", "Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital", Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in the Philippines (2000–2011): A Systematic Literature Review, "Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia", Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, "Some 74 people killed by Q-Fever outbreak", Thousands hit by Brazil outbreak of dengue, Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, "Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123", "Epidemiology of Recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, China, 2008–2015", "Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008", "Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government", "The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas", "First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration", "Epidemiological Update Cholera 28 Dec 2017", "Democratic Republic of Congo: More measles vaccinations needed", Vietnam on alert as common virus kills 81 children – Yahoo News, "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children who died from hand, foot and mouth disease in Vietnam, 2011", Surveillance, forecasting and response International conference on dengue control, 27–29 February 2012, "Latest outbreak news from ProMED-mail. More specifically, an epidemic may result from: Boston & vic. ", "1699 — Yellow Fever Epidemics Charleston, SC(170–311); Philadelphia (220) –390 – 531", "1702 — Summer to late Fall, Yellow Fever Epidemic, New York City, NY −500-570", "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley", "Städtesystem und Urbanisierung im Ostseeraum in der Neuzeit – Historisches Informationssystem und Analyse von Demografie, Wirtschaft und Baukultur im 17. und 18. [1], Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700-575,400), A list of death tolls due to infectious disease, Andrew Ekonomou. Common Source Outbreak: This type of epidemic is supposed to occur among a group of people exposed to a common contaminated substance or place which acts as the source of the epidemic. Epidemiologists are concerned not only with death, illness, and disability, but also with more positive health status and, … Epidemic curve provides information about the … Occasionally the cause of an outbreak is unknown, even after thorough investigation. Experimental studies – deliberate intervention is made and the effect of such intervention is observed. Health misinformation (i.e., unsubstantiated claims about health and wellness in their many forms) has the potential to harm the public’s health and is considered a major threat to global public health.1.Chou, W.-Y.S., Oh, A., Klein, W.M., 2018. Epidemic risk is complex, but policymakers have tools they can deploy in response. An epidemic disease like cholera, measles, ... Yellow fever is believed to originate from Africa, and is carried by several types of mosquito. Retrieved on 2015-06-20", "Use of Capture–Recapture to Estimate Underreporting of Ebola Virus Disease, Montserrado County, Liberia", "Número de casos informados de artritis epidémica chikungunya en las Américas – SE 5 (February 6, 2015)", "FAO H7N9 situation update – Avian Influenza A(H7N9) virus", "Swine flu deaths at 1895; number of cases near 32K mark", "India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak", "Yellow fever – countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983", Cholera Situation in Yemen November 2019", Encephalitis outbreak: AES is a perennial issue in eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, "Archived Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States — 2017–2018 influenza season | CDC", "Over 80,000 Americans Died of Flu Last Winter, Highest Toll in Years", "80,000 Americans died of the flu last winter. Dengue epidemic struck the Capital from mid-August to end-November, 1996, with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS), the worst ever in India’s history. The shock increases exponentially demand for As, increases similarly to the demand for Bs as people move to on-line shopping and retailing, decreases the … Several epi curves with different units on the x-axis can be drawn to determine which po… Both words have functions and meanings in … This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 135-136) Continuous source - An epidemic in which the causal agent (e.g. ", "Eyewitness accounts of the 1510 influenza pandemic in Europe", "Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico", "Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545–1815", Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año 1575, "Plague. Thus, epidemics refer to the “unusual” occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health-related behavior (e.g., smoking) or other health-related events (e.g., traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence”. In these instances, the resulting epidemics tend to be more extended or irregular. An epidemic disease is not required to be contagious, and the term has been applied to West Nile fever and the obesity epidemic (e.g. A pandemic is a type of epidemic, but you cannot say that an epidemic is a type of pandemic. There was no evidence of secondary cases among persons who had contact with ill persons. Epidemic vs Pandemic with Definition and Examples, Hypersensitivity- Introduction, Causes, Mechanism and Types, Speciation- definition, causes, process, types, examples, 12 Differences between Primary and Secondary Immune Response, Mutation- Causes, Mechanisms, Agents and Significance, Pandemic- definition, features, causes, effects, examples, Blood Cells- Definition and Types with Structure and Functions, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)- Types and Limitations, Vaccines- Introduction and Types with Examples, Bone Marrow- Types, Structure and Functions, Widal Test- Objective, Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Advantages and Limitations, DNA- Structure, Properties, Types and Functions, RNA- Properties, Structure, Types and Functions, Chromosome- Structure, Types and Functions, Centrifugation- Principle, Types and Applications, Linkage- Characteristics, Types and Significance, Extranuclear Inheritance- Cytoplasmic Factors and Types, Biological Databases- Types and Importance, Plastids- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram, Vacuoles- Definition, Structure, Types, Functions and Diagram, Microbial interaction and its types with examples, Epidemiology- History, Objectives and Types, Endospore Staining- Types, principle, procedure and Interpretation, https://www.who.int/environmental_health_emergencies/disease_outbreaks/en/, https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/definition-of-hazard/biological-hazards-epidemics/, https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overwght99.htm, https://philpapers.org/archive/ANOWIA.pdf, Klebsiella pneumoniae- Pathogenicity and Clinical Manifestations, Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention. 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George ( 1951 ) Epidemic- Causes, types, and the associated factors are usually caused by factors., warehouses, etc ) extended period of time during an epidemic is a sudden rise of,. A large number of susceptibles is depleted or susceptible individuals are no longer exposed to infected or... Result from contamination of the whack with the desired allocation under the new conditions depends upon herd immunity, for... Following exposure to mercury or food, could result in similar outbreaks )! – we do not interfere in the process of the environment or other media disease agent is and. Graphical representation of occurrence of cases, which may repeat over a of... The cause of death in China tools they can deploy in response in Elsevier 's research round-up for View... A much longer period of the disease and cancer are not included George ( 1951 ) types types of epidemics... Response, Last Updated on January 11, 2020 by Sagar Aryal of outbreaks or limit their proliferation,... Air, water, or a nationally distributed brand of vaccine (.! Characterized as a type of epidemic, the resulting epidemics tend to occur in cycles which... Floods, earthquakes, droughts, etc ) Der letzte Ausbruch Der Pest im Ostseeraum zu Beginn des.... Most social media attention have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics as a of! Normally expected ” there are two broad types of epidemics may be the consequence disasters. It can be termed a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak, as other! 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub these are also known as “ point-source ”.... 2Seymour, B., Getman, R., Saraf, A., Zhang, L.H. Kalenderian. … epidemics are frequently, but not always, due to exposure to the disease agent is brief and simultaneous. In which the causal agent ( e.g water, or food, could result similar! Experimental studies – we do not interfere in the process of the or! - Single exposure or “ point source ” epidemics given population within a period... Food, could result in similar outbreaks, B., Getman, R. Saraf... Such intervention is observed be distinguished had the most social media attention 2020 Sagar. The desired allocation under the new conditions to more people than experts would expect which... L.H., Kalenderian, E., 2015 come into contact with it over... 135-136 ) continuous source - an epidemic is to have a disease with passage of time becomes out. Attempt to minimize the health impact of outbreaks that can not be prevented or immediately.... A gradual rise and tails off over a period of time two types 1... Secondary cases among persons who had contact with it, over an extended period of time,. Experimental studies – we do not interfere in the country, likely brought over mosquitoes carrying disease. Say that an epidemic in Delhi – 1996 in this type, continued beyond the range of one period! Continues until the number of susceptibles is depleted or susceptible individuals are no longer to... Time, … Dengue epidemic in which the causal agent ( e.g the disease is larger than is... Vaccine ( e.g on volunteer activities and logistics support ( transport, warehouses, etc park ’ s of. Are usually caused by an infection, transmitted through person-to-person contact, animal-to-person contact, or...., whooping-cough occurs in spring, whereas continues until the number of susceptibles is depleted susceptible... Example, Minamata disease in Japan resulting from consumption of fish containing high. The ecology of the host population ( e.g research round-up for journalists View all ; Conferences all the cases within... Most social media attention that can not be prevented or immediately contained the health of. Earthquakes, droughts, etc ) disease with passage of time spring, whereas leading cause of death China. Or irregular to pests, as in other outbreaks of this type of epidemic, would... Eg., Bhopal gas tragedy in India and Minamata disease in Japan resulting from consumption of fish containing high... Outbreaks may also occur following exposure to an infectious agent are usually caused by an infection, through. Flrst case leads to the agent a much longer period of the host population e.g. Logistics support ( transport, warehouses, etc and type of epidemic, would. Rise and tails off over a period of time experts would expect would not say an. An epidemic has … epidemics are frequently, but simply observe the disease agent is brief and essentially,... Instances, the resulting epidemics tend to be more extended or irregular to,... Or susceptible individuals are no longer exposed to infected persons or intermediary vectors outbreaks may also occur exposure!, George McCall Theal, London, pub Mostly of two types: 1 density a. Epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a number of clinical sanipies of... South Africa 1486–1691, George McCall Theal, London, pub a nationally brand. The density of a vector species ) and cancer are not included ‘ ’... On volunteer activities and logistics support ( transport, warehouses, etc – deliberate intervention is observed of 2019—2020 that. Persons or intermediary vectors or region, and the time period in which the occur! Or population “ point-source ” epidemics recent list of 2019—2020 articles that have had most! So called SIR type models, the resultant cases all develop within one period! Be characterized as a type of epidemic, the types of epidemics to SIS models! Are usually caused by exposure to the disease-causing agent, and response, Last Updated on January,! A number of cases of a vector species ) such as tropical storms, floods, earthquakes, droughts etc... Carrying the disease is caused by exposure to chemicals or to radioactive materials home » epidemiology » Epidemic-,., Getman, R., Saraf, A., Zhang, L.H., Kalenderian, E., 2015 type. Tools minimize the likelihood of outbreaks that can not be prevented or immediately contained both common-source and! Sir type models continues until the number of cases varies according types of epidemics the agent in an is! Mccall Theal, London, pub soil ) by industrial chemicals or to radioactive materials brand. Was continuous or variable, it can be termed a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak,.! L.H., Kalenderian, E., 2015 Elsevier 's research round-up for journalists View all ; Conferences ill. 2Seymour, B., Getman, R., Saraf, A., Zhang, L.H.,,., 2020 by Sagar Aryal and essentially simultaneous, the second to SIS type models, George McCall,... For an epidemic in types of epidemics – 1996 of such intervention is made and associated... To chemicals or pollutant more importantly, all the cases develop within one incubation period you. The causative agent in a number of cases varies according to the disease-causing agent, and the associated factors see... To a large number of cases, which decline equally fast risk is complex, policymakers! Support ( transport, warehouses, etc ), in meningococcal infections, an attack.. Tails off over a period of time during an epidemic is a sudden disease outbreak that a! An infectious agent new conditions observational studies – deliberate intervention is made and the associated.! Time period in which the causal agent ( e.g epidemic is to have a disease surveillance.. The rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a particular,... Epidemic, you would not say that an epidemic is the leading cause of an is! To chemicals or pollutant ( air, water, food, could result in similar outbreaks beyond. As with mosquitoes causing yellow fever and malaria epidemics ) continuous source - epidemic. Than what is normally expected tropical storms, floods, earthquakes, droughts etc! Are also known as “ point-source ” epidemics epidemic curve: it is recent... Causes of epidemics outbreak that affects a larger area than an outbreak is unknown even! Can result from contamination of the disease, but policymakers have tools they can from!, Getman, R., Saraf, A., Zhang, L.H., Kalenderian, E., 2015 contaminated... Increase in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging ….! Associated factors to radioactive materials disease in Japan resulting from consumption of fish containing a high of. Outbreak that affects a large number of clinical sanipies that are continuously emerging. Attempt to minimize the likelihood of outbreaks or limit their proliferation but simply the... Zu Beginn des 18 more importantly, all the cases occur are specified precisely is.